Pendidikan ICT Di Malaysia
ICT (Information Communication Technology) adalah system yang membolehkan pengumpulan, pengurusan, manipulasi, perolehan, dan komunikasi maklumat dalam pelbagai bentuk. ICT dalam pendidikan bermaksud penggunaan teknologi maklumat dan komunikasi yang menyokong proses teras dalam pengurusan dan pentadbiran pendidikan, pengajaran dan pembelajaran (P&P) serta pendidikan sepanjang hayat. Penggunaan ICT dalam P&P membolehkan aktiviti P&P dijalankan tanpa kekangan tempat dan masa, meningkatkan penggunaan sumber pendidikan, perupaya meningkatkan kualiti pendidikan di samping mempercepat proses pendidikan berasaskan kadar kebolehan pelajar.
KPM telah menggariskan tiga dasar utama ICT dalam pendidikan.
1. Dasar pertama adalah literasi ICT untuk semua pelajar, bermaksud pelajar memperoleh kemahiran menggunakan kemudahan ICT.
2. Dasar kedua mengutamakan peranan dan fungsi ICT dalam pendidikan sebagai kurikulum dan alat P&P. ICT sebagai kurikulum bermaksud pelajar mempelajari ICT sebagai mata pelajaran seperti mata pelajaran Teknologi Maklumat bagi peringkat SPM dan mata pelajaran Pengkomputeran bagi peringkat STPM. ICT dalam P&P seperti penggunaan perisian kursus, internet, dan aplikasi generik yang lain (contohnya, perisian CAD dalam mata pelajaran reka cipta dan lukisan kejuruteraan).
3. Dasar ketiga menekankan penggunaan ICT untuk meningkatkan produktivi, kecekapan, dan keberkesanan sistem pengurusan. Ini terhasil daripada pengautomasian pejabat dan pelaksanaan sistem aplikasi pengurusan yang membawa kepada penambahbaikan proses kerja.
Pembangunan ICT dalam pendidikan bagi 10 tahun akan datang bermatlamat untuk:
1. meningkatkan pembangunan infrastruktur ICT;
2. memperluas akses dan ekuiti kepada kemudahan ICT;
3. memperluas kurikulum berasaskan ICT;
4. meningkatkan sistem pentaksiran dengan menggunakan ICT;
5. menekankan pengintegrasikan ICT dalam P&P;
6. meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kemahiran ICT di kalangan pelajar, tenaga pengajar, dan personel KPM;
7. meningkatkan penggunaan ICT dalam pengurusan pendidikan;
8. meningkatkan usaha pengurusan dan penyenggaraan perkakasan ICT;
9. meningkatkan penyelidikan dan pembangunan (R&D) dalam ICT; dan
10. meningkatkan kerjasama antara institusi pendidikan dengan masyarakat dalam membanuk memperkembangkan ICT dalam pendidikan.
Tuesday, April 20, 2010
Tuesday, April 13, 2010
11 Ways To Handle Stress
One of the most singificant problems human beings face as a general population is how to handle stress. I have compiled eleven of the most significant ways that you can reduce stress in your life. You may not always be able to make stress dissappear, but you can manage it with some very simple techniques.
1. Talk! Don't hold all your feelings within! Discuss your stressful feelings with someone you trust who will listen without being judgmental or pressuring you to their own point of view. Even if you can't change the immediate situation, talking about it helps alleviate some of the tension you may be feeling. Supplement the verbalizing with something physical: write it out, exercise or hit a pillow.
2. ACT! Be willing to take risk and make change, no matter how small. Try to change the stressful situation, or at least some part of it. Moving forward in small ways helps you feel empowered and in control. Put one foot in front of the other to move in a positive direction. Soon, the stress will lessen.
3. LISTEN TO YOUR BODY! If you learn about how your body reacts to stress, you can also learn how to counter that stress. Learn to listen to your body's signals and find ways to reduce your stress, even if it's just "taking five" to clear your mind. Relaxation exercises (E.g. Yoga, meditation, physical exercise) help, too.
4. BE IN CHARGE! Discover what you need to feel good about yourself and get your needs met. Another way to reduce your stress is to find an interest, hobby or activity where you feel in charge and call the shots. If you really feel out of control, don't stay silent and alone! Seek guidance from someone who is qualified to help you get through the obstacles, and move forward again. If you can't find someone qualified in your neighborhood or you don't feel as though you can talk to someone "in person" try a qualified internet counselor.
5. DON'T OVERWHELM YOURSELF: If you are stressed and overwhelmed, perhaps you are trying to handle too much. Rid yourself of extra duties that aren't necessary or important. Learn how to delegate and how to say "no" without feeling guilty. Ask for help if you need it.
6. GET AWAY: Sometimes a change, however small, can do wonders for your spirit. Forget it all for a while--escape! Go somewhere new for a few hours, or a few days if you can afford to. If not, it may be helpful just to "get away" to a warm bath for a little while!
7. PRIORITIZE: You may not be able to avoid all the responsibilities obligations you currently have, but you can learn how to complete them without resentment and consciously choose how you will handle them.
8. EXTEND YOURSELF: Make your own life better by making someone else's life better. Give of yourself. Volunteer! You will feel empowered, positive, important...and you will be!
9. MAKE SUCCESS HAPPEN! If you can't change the world, change yourself! Learn how to love yourself as you are, while you work towards your goals. Then, make a commitment to yourself to start improving the things about yourself and your life that (you believe) need it. Instead of immediate, dramatic change, learn to enjoy the journey of lifelong self-improvement. You are always a work in progress.
10. SOCIALIZE: Spend time with family and friends for love and support. Don't be afraid to enjoy yourself! Appreciate friendship and let others know you care about them, too. Love may not conquer all, but it's a great start!
11. LEARN HOW TO BE HAPPY: One thing all of life's winners have in common is a sense of well-being, a positive attitude and realistic goals. Focus on the good things about yourself, and in your life. Nobody's perfect. Learn to enjoy the "little things" that make you happy. Count your blessings. Every day, write down on a slip of paper one thing you are grateful for, even if it's just a sunny day, a friend's phone call, your cat's happy purr. Put this "blessing" in a jar along with a ringgit or more. Do this for one month. At the end of the month read all those slips of paper and you will realize that life is better than you think! Use the money to do something really special for yourself, or donate it to charity.
1. Talk! Don't hold all your feelings within! Discuss your stressful feelings with someone you trust who will listen without being judgmental or pressuring you to their own point of view. Even if you can't change the immediate situation, talking about it helps alleviate some of the tension you may be feeling. Supplement the verbalizing with something physical: write it out, exercise or hit a pillow.
2. ACT! Be willing to take risk and make change, no matter how small. Try to change the stressful situation, or at least some part of it. Moving forward in small ways helps you feel empowered and in control. Put one foot in front of the other to move in a positive direction. Soon, the stress will lessen.
3. LISTEN TO YOUR BODY! If you learn about how your body reacts to stress, you can also learn how to counter that stress. Learn to listen to your body's signals and find ways to reduce your stress, even if it's just "taking five" to clear your mind. Relaxation exercises (E.g. Yoga, meditation, physical exercise) help, too.
4. BE IN CHARGE! Discover what you need to feel good about yourself and get your needs met. Another way to reduce your stress is to find an interest, hobby or activity where you feel in charge and call the shots. If you really feel out of control, don't stay silent and alone! Seek guidance from someone who is qualified to help you get through the obstacles, and move forward again. If you can't find someone qualified in your neighborhood or you don't feel as though you can talk to someone "in person" try a qualified internet counselor.
5. DON'T OVERWHELM YOURSELF: If you are stressed and overwhelmed, perhaps you are trying to handle too much. Rid yourself of extra duties that aren't necessary or important. Learn how to delegate and how to say "no" without feeling guilty. Ask for help if you need it.
6. GET AWAY: Sometimes a change, however small, can do wonders for your spirit. Forget it all for a while--escape! Go somewhere new for a few hours, or a few days if you can afford to. If not, it may be helpful just to "get away" to a warm bath for a little while!
7. PRIORITIZE: You may not be able to avoid all the responsibilities obligations you currently have, but you can learn how to complete them without resentment and consciously choose how you will handle them.
8. EXTEND YOURSELF: Make your own life better by making someone else's life better. Give of yourself. Volunteer! You will feel empowered, positive, important...and you will be!
9. MAKE SUCCESS HAPPEN! If you can't change the world, change yourself! Learn how to love yourself as you are, while you work towards your goals. Then, make a commitment to yourself to start improving the things about yourself and your life that (you believe) need it. Instead of immediate, dramatic change, learn to enjoy the journey of lifelong self-improvement. You are always a work in progress.
10. SOCIALIZE: Spend time with family and friends for love and support. Don't be afraid to enjoy yourself! Appreciate friendship and let others know you care about them, too. Love may not conquer all, but it's a great start!
11. LEARN HOW TO BE HAPPY: One thing all of life's winners have in common is a sense of well-being, a positive attitude and realistic goals. Focus on the good things about yourself, and in your life. Nobody's perfect. Learn to enjoy the "little things" that make you happy. Count your blessings. Every day, write down on a slip of paper one thing you are grateful for, even if it's just a sunny day, a friend's phone call, your cat's happy purr. Put this "blessing" in a jar along with a ringgit or more. Do this for one month. At the end of the month read all those slips of paper and you will realize that life is better than you think! Use the money to do something really special for yourself, or donate it to charity.
How to Incorporate ICT in Teaching English Language (Writing Skill)
The internet serves many functions in the teaching of writing: Email, internet chat and electronic bulletin board postings are three very popular forms. No writing course would be complete without this. As these are new and very important genre for efficient and effective sustenance of life in the modern world, every teacher of writing has to include this his/her course.
* Email
1) Begin by exposing students to several examples of these genres.
2) Teach the mechanics of emailing; how to get email account, the format of email address, how to operate the various functions for example compose, forward, reply, attach and etc.
3) Grade the various forms, from most informal to official/formal e-mails. Choose those email forms that are most likely to be of use to the students in their life.
4) Teach some of the common short forms used in e-mail communication.
5) Once they are comfortable with emailing, exploit the email for various pedagogic purposes.
* Electronic Bulletin Boards
1) Start with multiple exposures to posting from the kinds of bulletin boards you would like to encourage students to visit and participate in.
2) Draw attention to the interactive nature of this genre. Instill in your students the need to follow netiquette (unwritten rules of politeness on the net).
3) Teach students the mechanics of getting to a bulletin board and posting something there. Example; wikispace blog
Internet Chat
1) This is a great form of fluency building but if unguided, it could lead to intellectual meandering and finally drying up of talk. Perhaps one form of guiding the development of talk is by getting students to find information from their talk partner on a topic the student and you agree would be interesting.
1) Begin by exposing students to several examples of these genres.
2) Teach the mechanics of emailing; how to get email account, the format of email address, how to operate the various functions for example compose, forward, reply, attach and etc.
3) Grade the various forms, from most informal to official/formal e-mails. Choose those email forms that are most likely to be of use to the students in their life.
4) Teach some of the common short forms used in e-mail communication.
5) Once they are comfortable with emailing, exploit the email for various pedagogic purposes.
* Electronic Bulletin Boards
1) Start with multiple exposures to posting from the kinds of bulletin boards you would like to encourage students to visit and participate in.
2) Draw attention to the interactive nature of this genre. Instill in your students the need to follow netiquette (unwritten rules of politeness on the net).
3) Teach students the mechanics of getting to a bulletin board and posting something there. Example; wikispace blog
Internet Chat
1) This is a great form of fluency building but if unguided, it could lead to intellectual meandering and finally drying up of talk. Perhaps one form of guiding the development of talk is by getting students to find information from their talk partner on a topic the student and you agree would be interesting.
Prinsip Menggunakan Teknologi Pendidikan dalam Proses Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran
* Ia hanya merupakan sebagai bahan bantu mengajar dan tidak boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan pengajaran.
* Ia digunakan untuk membantu guru mengajar sesuatu topik dengan lebih berkesan.
* Ia mesti digunakan untuk pengajaran dan bukan untuk hiburan dan membuang masa.
Penggunaannya mesti dirancang dalam tiga peringkat iaitu:
a) sebelum kegunaan - merancangmasa dan cara bagaimana mengaitkannya dengan topik pengajaran.
b) semasa kegunaan - merancang ulasan dan penekanan aspek-aspek penting yang dapat membantu pembelajaran.
c) selepas kegunaan - merancang aktiviti lanjutan seperti soalan-soalan, kesimpulan dan penilaian.
* Ia mesti dipilih berdasarkan kesuaiannya dari segi topik dan objektif pelajaran, latar belakang pelajar, saiz kelas dan keadaan fizikal bilik darjah.
* Ia mesti digunakan untuk mencapai sesuatu objektif pelajaran dan peringkat perkembangan pelajaran itu sama ada:
- pengenalan topik
- perkembangan pelajaran iaitu penerangan konsep
- penutup dan kesimpulan topik pelajaran
- penilaian kefahaman terhadap topik
* Digunakan mengikut masa yang sesuai iaitu masa yang dapat merangsang pembelajaran.
* Digunakan dengan merujuk kepadanya dan bukan sekadar untuk menunjuk-nunjuk sahaja.
* Selepas digunakan tanggalkan atau ubah supaya tidak mengganggu pelajar belajar seterusnya.
* Setelah tamat sesi pengajaran, pamerkan untuk rujukan kelas di papan buletin kelas.
* Ia digunakan untuk membantu guru mengajar sesuatu topik dengan lebih berkesan.
* Ia mesti digunakan untuk pengajaran dan bukan untuk hiburan dan membuang masa.
Penggunaannya mesti dirancang dalam tiga peringkat iaitu:
a) sebelum kegunaan - merancangmasa dan cara bagaimana mengaitkannya dengan topik pengajaran.
b) semasa kegunaan - merancang ulasan dan penekanan aspek-aspek penting yang dapat membantu pembelajaran.
c) selepas kegunaan - merancang aktiviti lanjutan seperti soalan-soalan, kesimpulan dan penilaian.
* Ia mesti dipilih berdasarkan kesuaiannya dari segi topik dan objektif pelajaran, latar belakang pelajar, saiz kelas dan keadaan fizikal bilik darjah.
* Ia mesti digunakan untuk mencapai sesuatu objektif pelajaran dan peringkat perkembangan pelajaran itu sama ada:
- pengenalan topik
- perkembangan pelajaran iaitu penerangan konsep
- penutup dan kesimpulan topik pelajaran
- penilaian kefahaman terhadap topik
* Digunakan mengikut masa yang sesuai iaitu masa yang dapat merangsang pembelajaran.
* Digunakan dengan merujuk kepadanya dan bukan sekadar untuk menunjuk-nunjuk sahaja.
* Selepas digunakan tanggalkan atau ubah supaya tidak mengganggu pelajar belajar seterusnya.
* Setelah tamat sesi pengajaran, pamerkan untuk rujukan kelas di papan buletin kelas.
Kepentingan Teknologi Pendidikan dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran
1) Melicinkan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran kerana berfokuskan kepada isi-isi penting kepada topik yang akan disampaikan.
2) Menjimatkan masa, tenaga dan wang.
3) Mengelakkan rasa bosan pelajar seterusnya mengekalkan minat pelajar. Ia juga boleh menghiburkan pelajar.
4) Mengelakkan berlakunya tidak faham atau salah tafsir terhadap konsep melalui deria melihat, mendengar atau menyentuh.
5) Membetulkan sebarang kekeliruan atau salah tafsir kerana ia memberi sesuatu gambaran yang menyeluruh dan jelas sesuatu konsep dan kaitannya dengan kehidupan seharian.
6) Melibatkan pelbagai deria pelajar. Cth: penggunaan visual yang diikuti oleh audio akan melibatkan deria lihat dan dengar dan mungkin deria sentuh. Penglibatan deria ini akan meningkatkan daya ingatan pelajar.
7) Memberi kelainan dan kepelbagaian kepada kaedah mengajar.
8) Membantu pelajar mendapat kesan pembelajaran yang maksimum dengan penggunaan masa yang minimum.
9) Memperkayakan pengalaman pelajar. Cth: media bergerak boleh memperkayakan pengalaman murid. Kejadian yang tidak pernah mereka lihat atau alami akan dapat mereka saksikan sendiri dan ini menjadikan mereka seoalah-olah mereka mengalaminya.
2) Menjimatkan masa, tenaga dan wang.
3) Mengelakkan rasa bosan pelajar seterusnya mengekalkan minat pelajar. Ia juga boleh menghiburkan pelajar.
4) Mengelakkan berlakunya tidak faham atau salah tafsir terhadap konsep melalui deria melihat, mendengar atau menyentuh.
5) Membetulkan sebarang kekeliruan atau salah tafsir kerana ia memberi sesuatu gambaran yang menyeluruh dan jelas sesuatu konsep dan kaitannya dengan kehidupan seharian.
6) Melibatkan pelbagai deria pelajar. Cth: penggunaan visual yang diikuti oleh audio akan melibatkan deria lihat dan dengar dan mungkin deria sentuh. Penglibatan deria ini akan meningkatkan daya ingatan pelajar.
7) Memberi kelainan dan kepelbagaian kepada kaedah mengajar.
8) Membantu pelajar mendapat kesan pembelajaran yang maksimum dengan penggunaan masa yang minimum.
9) Memperkayakan pengalaman pelajar. Cth: media bergerak boleh memperkayakan pengalaman murid. Kejadian yang tidak pernah mereka lihat atau alami akan dapat mereka saksikan sendiri dan ini menjadikan mereka seoalah-olah mereka mengalaminya.
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